Section 3
Early Problems Faced by Pakistan
After independence in 1947, Pakistan faced major challenges, including a massive refugee crisis, law and order issues, a shortage of trained bureaucrats and officials, economic instability and lack of resources, division of armed forces and infrastructure with India, provincial integration problems, and establishing a new political system, all of which made the early years of Pakistan very difficult.
Early Leaders of Pakistan (1948–1971)
During 1948–1971, Pakistan was led by early political and military heads who shaped the country’s initial years, including Liaquat Ali Khan, Khawaja Nazimuddin, Ghulam Muhammad, Iskandar Mirza, Ayub Khan, and Yahya Khan, facing challenges of political instability, governance issues, and laying the foundation of Pakistan’s administrative and constitutional system.
Separation of East Pakistan (1971)
The separation of East Pakistan in 1971 occurred due to political, economic, and cultural disparities between East and West Pakistan. Key causes included language and cultural differences, economic neglect, unfair political representation, and the 1970 general elections dispute. Tensions escalated into civil war, leading to India’s intervention and the creation of Bangladesh, marking the end of united Pakistan in 1971.
Final Decades of Pakistan (Late 20th Century)
In the final decades of the 20th century, Pakistan saw political instability and alternating governments. Key leaders included Nawaz Sharif, Benazir Bhutto, and Pervez Musharraf, who faced challenges like military interventions, economic issues, corruption, and efforts to strengthen democracy, shaping Pakistan’s political and social landscape before the 21st century.
Pakistan’s foreign policy aimed at protecting its sovereignty and security, managing conflicts and cooperation with neighbors and global powers. Key aspects included ongoing tensions with India (especially over Kashmir) and wars, efforts to maintain peace and diplomatic dialogue; relations with Afghanistan complicated by border security and terrorism issues, including disputes along the Durand Line and cross‑border tensions; efforts to improve ties with Bangladesh after 1971 and expand trade and cooperation; strong strategic partnership with China including economic and security collaboration; relations with Iran and Middle Eastern countries for economic and religious ties; engagement in United Nations and alliances to support Pakistan’s international standing and security interests.
