Section 2
Pakistan Movement (During Early 20th Century)
The Pakistan Movement in the early 20th century began with the formation of the All India Muslim League in 1906 to protect Muslim political rights, led by figures like Sir Syed Ahmed Khan and later Muhammad Ali Jinnah. Key developments included the Lucknow Pact (1916), the impact of World War I, the Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms (1919), the Khilafat and Non-Cooperation Movements, and Muslim reactions to the Simon Commission (1927–28). These events strengthened Muslim political identity, culminating in proposals like the Delhi Proposal, which laid the groundwork for demands of a separate Muslim homeland
Khilafat Movement
The Khilafat Movement was launched by Indian Muslims to protect the Ottoman Caliphate after World War I. Led by leaders like Shaukat Ali and Mohammad Ali, it aimed to unite Muslims politically and socially, and it allied with the Indian National Congress during the Non-Cooperation Movement, promoting Hindu-Muslim cooperation. The movement gradually declined by 1924 due to the abolition of the Caliphate in Turkey and internal political differences.
Pakistan Movement (1927–1939)
This period of the Pakistan Movement (1927–1939) focused on consolidating Muslim political identity and responding to constitutional developments. Key events included the Simon Commission (1927–28) and Muslim opposition due to lack of representation, the Nehru Report (1928) and Muslim rejection, the Muslim League Reorganization (1930s) under Muhammad Ali Jinnah, the Delhi Proposal (1930s) advocating for Muslim safeguards, and debates over Provincial Autonomy. Other important developments were reactions to the Government of India Act 1935 and the Congress Rule in provinces, which highlighted Muslim fears of marginalization and strengthened calls for separate political safeguards..
Pakistan Movement (1937-1947)
The period 1937–1947 saw the final struggle for a separate Muslim homeland. Key events included the 1937 Elections showing Muslim League’s initial weakness, the impact of Congress rule in provinces, rising Muslim fears of political marginalization, Jinnah’s leadership strengthening the League, the Lahore Resolution (1940) demanding a separate Muslim state, the Quit India Movement (1942), and Muslim reactions, the Cripps Mission (1942), Cabinet Mission Plan (1946), Direct Action Day (1946), and the events leading to Partition (1947), which ultimately resulted in the creation of Pakistan..
